Resources

What is Ladino?

Do Ladino and Judeo-Spanish refer to the same thing? Is Ladino a type of Spanish? Do people still speak this language?

Alphabet

How does one write in Ladino today? How did people write in Ladino in the past? Are there orthographic norms for the language?

Hanuka Resources

Looking to learn about Hanuka in Ladino, or find resources in the language to use in your class? Here, you’ll find articles, music, recipes, and more!

LADINO IN ONE HUNDRED SATURDAYS

100 Ladino words and phrases found in Michael Frank’s award-winning One Hundred Saturdays, which explores the life of Rhodesli-born centenarian, Stella Levi. Let’s review!

Did you watch Netflix’s new series Kulüp (The Club), which features 1950s Istanbul and a number of Sephardic characters? If so, you probably heard plenty of Ladino words, sayings, sentences, and songs throughout. Let’s review!

Check out the weekly ENKONTRO DE ALHAD
for regular online programming in Ladino.

Enkontro de alhad,
with Bryan Kirschen (host) and students from his advanced Ladino class (guests)

Enkontro de alhad,
with Bryan Kirschen (host) and Joe Halio (guest)

Enkontro de alhad,
with Bryan Kirschen (host) and Alicia Sisso Raz (guest)

For more than 200 + episodes with balabayes (hosts) and musafires (guests) from around the world, visit this online playlist.

Getting started with Ladino

Whether you are brand new to Ladino or need a quick review of some of the basic elements of the language, the following information will help you get started.

PLEASE NOTE:

Accent marks are typically not used in Ladino. Newly-presented words in Ladino that contain more than one syllable will include a vowel in bold to help indicate where the stress in the word belongs.

Interested in the sounds of Ladino? Start by exploring the alphabet page and, in particular, the Aki Yerushalayim table.

Subject Pronouns

I	yo	we	mozotros (m.)* mozotras (f.)
you (singular)	tu	you (plural)	vozotros (m.)* vozotras (f.)
he/she	el (m.) eya (f.)	they	eyos (m.)* eyas (f.)

Subject pronouns: m. = masculine; f. = feminine.
Mozotros, vozotros, and eyos are used when referring to either groups of men or men and women, regardless of how many in the group

Ser & Estar

Ser and Estar are both typically translated as “to be,” but they are used in different contexts.

**Ken sos tu? See if you can fill in the blanks (de means “from” in this case, and “i moro en” means “and I live in…”)**

Ser | To be

yo	so	mozotros/as	somos
tu	sos	vozotros/as	sosh
el/eya	es	eyos/as	son

Conjugation in present indicative for the verb ‘ser’ — In Izmir, “se” is used instead of “so,” and “semos” is used instead of “somos”

Estar | To be

yo	esto	mozotros/as	estamos
tu	estas	vozotros/as	estash
el/eya	esta	eyos/as	estan

Conjugation in present indicative for the verb ‘estar’ — Often, the initial “e” is not pronounced: sto, stas, sta, stamos, stash, stan

**“hanum” and “pasha” are terms of endearment, the latter used to refer to a boy/man**

Forms of ser are often used for origin (de ande sos – where are you from?), reference to someone (so Matan – I am Matan), inherent qualities (sos ermoza – you are beautiful); Forms of estar are often used to describe your current state (esto hazino – I am sick), locations (estamos en la eskola – we are at school), and in the gerund (“-ing”) form (esto meldando – I’m reading). While ser and estar are often introduced early in one’s studies, understanding their nuances and even overlap requires considerable study and practice.

Los numeros | Numbers

1. uno	6. sesh	11. onze	16. dizisesh
2. dos	7. siete	12. dodje	17. dizisiete
3. tres	8. ocho	13. tredje	18. diziocho
4. kuatro	9. mueve	14. katorze	19. dizimueve
5. sinko	10. diez	15. kinze	20. vente

Los numeros (dos, tres, sesh, and diez are are monosyllables)

Will you find variation in these number? Of course! You might be thinking of Flory Jagoda’s famous Ocho Kandelikas, where she pronounces “sinko” like “sinkyu“. If that is what you heard, your ears are not deceiving you. A native of Bosnia, Flory preserves features of Ladino that are common to her variety of the language.

Me plaze | “I like”

*Fazer* or Azer?
Ladino speakers of Sarajevo, Skopje, Monastir, Salonica, Kastoria, among others, would opt for *fazer*

(f)avlar	to speak
bailar	to dance
bever	to drink
dolashear	to go for a stroll
djugar	to play
eskrivir	to write

gizar	to cook
kantar	to sing
komer	to eat
lavorar	to work
meldar	to read
merkar	to buy

Keep in mind that “me plaze” is often translated as “I like,” although it really means “it is pleasing to me.” So, while we can think of “me plaze eskrivir” as “I like to write,” it is really like saying “reading is pleasing to me.” This will come in handy as you try to figure out why you don’t conjugate the verb “plazer” based on who is doing the “liking.” When saying what you like doing, be sure to use the infinitival form in Ladino – those are the verbs that end in either –ar, –er, –ir.

ME PLAZE or ME PLAZEN?

While you will often use “ME PLAZE” followed by an infinitive (e.g. “me plaze komer”), or a singular noun (e.g. “me plaze la dondurma”), you will use “ME PLAZEN” when a plural noun is to follow (e.g. me plazen los yaprakes). Try to form sentences based on the images to follow.